Taking a Look at The New Deal - 1763 Words

The New Deal was one of the most influential government policies in American History, proposed by New Dealers led by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, one of the most legendary presidents in American history, famous for his leadership during two of the most disastrous events in the history: the Great Depression and World War II. As a controversial government policy, some historians argue that the New Deal was radical while others maintain that it was conservative. The New Deal was radical at its time, but from today’s point of view, it was still somewhat conservative. The New Deal was radical The New Deal was radical in that it greatly increased the power of the executive branch, greatly increased the federal budget, and started governmental interference of the economy. It gave FDR the power to regulate US banking system and business system. Its various programs directly provided help to the majority while creating a lot of jobs as well as housing for them. It set up the safety net for the majority of American people with policies such as Social Security. Banking and finance regulation The New Deal was economically radical; it gave the government a lot of power to regulate the banking system and finance system. The Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 and the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 were among the first the New Deal policies. Both acts were aimed to regulate the banking system and to restore people’s faith in banks. The Emergency Banking Act â€Å"gave the secretary of the treasureShow MoreRelatedChild Protection Service 1393 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of abuse... [including] witnessing abuse of others in the family† (Alberta children and youth services 2008, 1). Since family violence is a concern that our society is facing, we are dealt with the issue of how to deal with children who are in homes where violence is taking place. When children are being abuse or neglected child protective services is the agency who steps in to help the child, when women or men are being victims of family/ domestic violence it is other organisations who stepRead Mo reOnline Casino Software Developers - Quickspin Expands Player Rewards Setup1724 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen greater than it is today. 1000s upon 1000s of games have been created in released over the past 18 years, meaning that players needn’t play the same game twice should they wish to. While game advancement has certainly been impressive, it always looks to most that player rewards are a step or two behind. Players simply aren’t getting the level of comeback that they expect in 2015, but Quickspin are putting their best foot forward in attempt to change that in 2016 and beyond. 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To implement this the company should look to analyse what jobs need to be filled, what the job description should be, what qualifications the candidates should posses and an idea of the characteristics of the individual. Once this has been decided then the search for staff can begin, thisRead MoreHow Factory Wastes Affect Environment1383 Words   |  6 Pagesspecial emphasis on material values makes it difficult and almost impossible for individuals to want to express interest in anything else but profits. Background and causes Factories are currently one of the most important concepts in society, taking into account that they generate products and services for humanitys constantly increasing needs. 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Attachment is the most important bond because a strong tie to parents or institutions will help prevent deviance. Attachment is also important because the other bonds are thought to build on attachment. The second bond, which is involvement, deals with one’s time spent during extra-curricular activities (Williams McShane, 2010).Read MoreThe Literal Approach Of Contract1713 Words   |  7 Pagesdefend this. Therefore, it would be important to look at the other three forms of contractual interpretation to decide this matter. The contextual approach would result in a sharply different interpretation of a contract than the literal approach. The contextual approach states that, when analyzing a document, the intentions of the parties and the surrounding circumstances of the contract must be considered. Thus, it goes beyond the contract and looks at the parties presumed intentions and theirRead MoreHuman Suffering1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmy suffering. Human Suffering is a hard concept to grasp, but suffering is a part of everyones lives, not just mine. Everyone experiences a form of human suffering at one point or another in their lives. In order to put the misery behind, one must deal and cope with the cause. Blame, vengeance, God and positive outlooks help humans reconcile with the pain of suffering. Human suffering is the pain and sadness one feels inside when something bad has happened to her or someone close to her. There areRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Students With Stress Management927 Words   |  4 PagesRelief Stress is something everyone deals with on different levels and in different ways. Stress can originate from daily hassles, bad time management, and big life changing decisions. College is where all three of these appear to meet; whether it be deciding what career to chase, the impending terror of midterms, or what to eat for lunch stress is surrounding college students. If universities do not look into ways of helping students with stress management, than students are not only at risk of

Autism Spectrum Disorder - 728 Words

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a combination of abnormalities in language, social cognition and interaction, and mental flexibility. ASD is not a single disorder, but rather a neurodevelopmental syndrome. (Autism Speaks) Research shows that a combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to the abnormal brain development that underlies autism. The concordance rate for monozygotic twins is much higher than for dizygotic twins, roughly 2:1, indicating that there are both large genetic and environmental components. (Hallmayer 2011) The importance of environment is also demonstrated by the fact that fraternal twins have a considerably higher concordance rate than normal siblings, although non twin siblings are as genetically similar as fraternal twins. The marked rise in the reported incidence of autism (larger than can be attributed to increased recognition and reporting) also supports the idea that there is a large environmental component. (Cone 2009) It is likely that multiple small factors, both environmental and genetic, make small contributions that ultimately lead to autism. For most cases of autism, a number of gene alleles (many of which are connected to various neurological problems) make a contribution to an individual being autistic. (NINDS, Wall) Support for this includes the high incidence of autism related symptoms in the relatives of individuals with autism. (Constantino 2003) Moreover, half of the genes believed to be involved inShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism2594 Words   |  11 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communication, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the curren t population (Shishido, Branko, Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are KannerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1827 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States had one or more developmental disorders in 2006-2008. This can affect the person mentally, physically, emotionally, or a combination of the three. 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The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder affects various aspects of an autistic child’s life. Many children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder every year, while others go undiagnosed for an extended time, or even for their whole life. A child exhibiting delays in language benchmarks or showing little interest in the surroundings should be examined for possible ASD. Language is often impaired and although the level of impairment can range from severe too unnoticeable in each child, a child is likely toRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreAutism And Autism Spectrum Disorder1267 Words   |  6 Pages and the way he interacted with others, spoke to me on a profound level. I know autism when I see it. For those not familiar with autism, Autism Speaks, the world’s leading autism science and advocacy organization, defines autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees (hence, a â€Å"Spectrum† that includes both low- and high-functioning individuals), by difficulties in socialRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functionin g or high functioning – and theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Autism and Asperger’s are two syndromes that are now looked as being part of the ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Asperger’s is on the high functioning end while Autism is on the low functioning end. Before the ‘autism spectrum’ was created, in nineteen forty-three and nineteen forty-four, a psychiatrist named Leo Kanner and German scientist named Hans Asperger discovered Autism and Asperger’s. Their research included looking at cases of children who were different and had qualities of aloneness, obsessiveness

Competitive Of Airline Industry In Africa †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Interpretation Of The Airline Industry In Africa? Answer: Introduction There are tragic issues caused by a detached Africa are not restricted to badly designed travel plans. Far greater are the open door expenses to the economies of the landmass' 54 countries and the area all in all. Exchange and tourism are blocked and venture openings lost. What's more, it is not just about financial aspects. Flight associates individuals. Africa would be a less divided landmass with more prominent air availability (Alexandre Nicols, 2016). The advantages of the network are clear. Europe's air advancement was an upset for the industry as well as travelers. In the short space of eight years (1992-2000), the 100-year-old industry saw a surge in activity. The quantity of non-stop flight between European nations expanded by almost 75%. Travelers delighted in 88% more flight choices and twofold the number of seats (Binod Devi, 2013). The contention for the network is not constrained to created countries. Chile saw its air movement increment at rates fundamentally higher than local and world midpoints following progression in 1979. In Costa Rica, progression helped traveler entries by 400% and the airlines serving the nation increment by 300% over a 20-year time frame. Industry and Market Analysis In African nations that have tried the water, a similar example exists. After South Africa opened its market to Kenyan airlines, travelers hopped by 69%. At the point when Africa's most southern nation conceded movement rights to Zambian airlines tolls diminished by 38% and traveler numbers expanded to such an extent. An examination estimate that if only 13 of Africa's economies opened their skies to each another, charges would drop by up to 36% and an additional 6 million Africans could bear to fly. An extra 200,000 new employment would be made and $2 billion added to the GDP. These are great numbers for an industry that at present backings around 8 million employment and more than $75 billion in GDP over the landmass (Eyun?Jung Linda, 2012). The liberation of the airline business in South African made ready for the passage of various low-cost carriers (LCCs). Be that as it may, of the eleven airlines to enter the industry in the vicinity of 1991 and 2012, just a single is still in operation. Other exclusive airlines, for example, Nationwide, Velvet Sky and 1time working from 1995 to 2008, 2011 to 2012 and 2004 to 2012, individually, have existed even after staying in the market for critical periods. The national bearer, South African Airways (SAA), has additionally endured misfortunes over the previous decade requiring a few government bailouts and ensures, incorporating one of every 2015. This recommends a brutal business condition for airlines in South Africa which does not appear to coordinate the development sought after and the members in different nations in the district. Given this history, it is intriguing that in the previous year two new LCCs, FlySafair and Skywise, have entered the industry in South Africa bringing the quantity of low-cost local airlines to four including Comair's Kulula and SAA member Mango Airlines. In any case, concerning the measure of interest and the centrality of South Africa as a local financial center point, the industry has all the earmarks of being falling behind nations, for example, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Moreover as far as free LCCs, not some portion of substantial multinational gatherings, working on intra-territorial courses. Section and contention locally in the airline industry are particularly critical due to present and expected increments in the volumes of air go between nations in the district. This is probably going to be specifically connected to development in mining areas and expanded request from related administration divisions, for example, back, development and designing originating from fast urbanization and high, supported levels of monetary development in a few nations in the previous decade. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) gauges that the airline industry in Africa will develop in traveler numbers at a normal yearly rate of 5.2% by 2040, speedier than local markets in North America and Europe whose development is figured at 4% and 3.2%, individually (Farhad Akram, 2012). Business Model Comparison Scenario Development The two biggest African based competitors are South Africa Airways (SAA) and Kenya Airways (KQ). SAA's business met various difficulties in 2015, radiating both from continuous risk factors, for example, fuel cost, and the exchange rate, and more present issues, for example, the Ebola flare-up, xenophobic agitation, and the proposed stringent visa necessities. Disability or grounding of operations caused by the postponed delivery of airplane bringing about old-fashioned outline additionally led to the effect on income. Supporting on fuel cost from one viewpoint, and on money on the other, delivered blended outcomes, with a general impartial result in which the accomplishment of the cash supporting (hedging) and the more negative fuel value hedging adjusted each other out. There were noteworthy triumphs increased through acquisition contracts being renegotiated bringing about some $20 million being figured into the 90-Day Action Plan, and the cost-pressure program proceeding to convey comes about, with $80 million spared in the year under audit, yielding a point of interest $ 170 million sparing since the program's beginning. There were additionally eminent triumphs in arranging lease expansions on a portion of the airline's wide-body airship, which constituted a huge piece of the cited investment funds on the 90-Day Action Plan. On the other hand, the business model of KQ is not perfect, and the airline company has realized losses. Fillis (2010) sees operational reactions as a major aspect of an arranging procedure that directions operational objectives with those of the bigger associations. Henceforth operational issues are for the most part worried about certain expensive approaches and arrangements for using the assets of a firm to the best help of its competitive long-haul system. Reengineering, scaling back, self-administration, and outsourcing is a portion of the prevailing systems that have been utilized for rebuilding in the 1990's. Unfortunately, KQ was hit by mismanagement. The following are scenarios based on the most important uncertainties in the African and Countrys environment. Exchange Rate Fluctuation The worldwide idea of the airline industry implies that airlines are presented to chances of cash change. Most carriers bring about the two costs and incomes in various monetary standards and the way that some of these money flows require transformation into an alternate cash forms the premise of an airline's foreign exchange (FX) risk. Vast developments in exchange rates affect airlines through three primary channels; buyer choices (request/demand), airline choices (supply) and monetary effects. Of these, the customer (request) reaction to a huge move in relative costs can be quick and may provoke a reaction from airlines, including changes by limit (supply). The monetary effect can be particularly intense for airlines when it identifies with sizeable changes in the estimation of the US dollar (as has been the situation in recent months or somewhere in the vicinity). This is because a vast extent of airline costs (counting fuel) are named in US dollars, and numerous carriers need to change over household cash into dollars every year to meet their commitments. This offers to ascend to FX chance. Extensive cash developments can likewise convolute the assignment of looking at and collecting budgetary factors over the industry. Redressing for such developments is basic to guarantee that bends are expelled, and hidden money related execution is broken down (Hsu, 2011). Fluctuating Interest Rates Many senior officials comprehend that unstable exchange rates can influence the dollar estimation of their organizations' benefits and liabilities designated in foreign monetary forms. Very few, in any case, comprehend that exchange rates can seriously affect working benefit. Fewer companies have given chiefs obligation regarding regulating this working introduction. The working presentation is regularly a vast reason for fluctuation in working benefit from year to year, and numerous choices rely upon a decent comprehension of it. Over the long haul, directors ought to consider working introduction when setting strategy and overall item arranging. In the short run, understanding working presentation will frequently enhance working choices. Additionally, the assessment of a specialty unit and its directors ought to happen after exchange rate impacts have been considered since they are outside administration's control (Jay et al., 2011). Volatility in Jet Fuel Prices Instability in oil markets represents a hazard for airlines. An expansion in unrefined petroleum costs lifts the industry's biggest info cost. In any case, a value diminishes, for example, that accomplished in the previous year and a half can likewise cause issues. While debilitating raw petroleum costs upgrade benefits, they can likewise prompt lower airfares, impelling interest for travel and pushing airlines to build limit. On the off chance that airlines include an excessive number of courses or grow their armada, it can dissolve their benefit when oil costs recoup. Robust Competition With more autonomous airlines entering the market, and with a considerable lot of these sorts of airlines having bombed previously, for example, 1time Airline, Nationwide Airlines, and Velvet Sky, the subject of which airlines will survive is central. SAA has additionally been confronting various budgetary challenges, with many scrutinizing the eventual fate of the national transporter. Skywise is likewise confronting challenges with its flights being grounded and numerous voyagers hindered over the merry season. Voyagers will need to guarantee that flight they book will take off and arrive. Jennifer et al., (2015) takes note of that the topic of which carriers will survive is progressively an issue of how well secretly supported airlines manage the hindrances they face to entering the neighborhood airline industry. Running a productive airline in the present atmosphere includes consistent learning and adjustment. Checking and satisfying burden factor is vital at a grassroots level for airlines, similar to the production of auxiliary income streams from a business and enhancement point of view. Skywise, for instance, would presumably have been in a superior position than what they are as of now on the off chance that they had concentrated on widening their course organize past Johannesburg and Cape Town as it were. Current Competencies and Competitive Advantage Given an exceptionally focused condition, Kenya Airways (KQ) sees its data gathering limit, investigation and elucidation of the worldwide condition as key to encourage quicker and redress basic business leadership. Along these lines, KQ would like to upgrade the capacity for quick reaction to circumstances, dangers, and difficulties in the commercial center. It additionally keeps on concentrating on the gainful development of its system through a blend of direct access and unions with different bearers. Economic change in yield will be sought after through a blend of another income administration framework and better line. Administration likewise puts accentuation on more prominent efficiency, costs restrictions and diminishment in wastage; the execution of different frameworks for enhanced operational administration, support, arranging and control and the advancement of its kind to better prepare them to confront these difficulties. Kenya Airways has left on a broad task to redesign and invigorate its image. This task incorporates all client touch focuses with the goal of conveying a crisp contemporary feel to the whole voyager's involvement. Kenya Airways granted the undertaking to Johannesburg-based marking masters, BLACK Brand, Strategy, and Design. The venture appointed in March 2008 ought to be finished before the finish of the money related year 2009/10 (Johan Alistair, 2017). From its commencement in 1977 until 1995, KQ had diverse government-delegated CEOs. Thus, each progressive holder of the workplace had inadequate time to create and execute compelling systems. Also, because the governing body comprised predominantly of political nominees with no particular experience either in dealing with a business or an aircraft specifically, the carrier needed a clear key course. Strategy and Competitive Approach Strategy specialists have underscored steadiness in a company's example of asset responsibilities. Through asset responsibilities, firms create entry boundaries, versatility obstructions, and detaching components that secure their competitive points of interest. Albeit such examples of asset duties give a firm competitive preferred standpoint, they can likewise progress toward becoming obstructions to strategic reorientation. With a specific end goal to create solid strategic reactions abilities a firm needs the three sorts of Adaptabilities: (a) showcase adaptability, (b) generation adaptability, and (c) competitive adaptability. This is termed as the "Adaptability Triad Model." Market adaptability manages transnational organizations (TNCs), capacity to have a high worldwide piece of the overall industry, capacity to offer its real items in countless universal and geographic markets, and have a solid nearness in those markets that are the home bases of worldwide contenders. For generally TNCs, generation adaptability emerges from spreading its esteem creation exercises in those markets where it has a noteworthy piece of the pie. A TNC can move generation from one base to another, keeping in mind the end goal to exploit the foreign exchange rate variances and access the best factors of generation. This causes the TNC to have countless focuses and a greater strategic space to construct proper hostile and guarded moves that may frequently incorporate counter-repel, cross-appropriation, and consecutive competitive sections. As a major aspect of correction to the new natural conditions, Kenya Airways' administration attempted legitimization of human asset, fleet modernization, process change activities. Furthermore, the airline went into a Strategic Alliance with KLM Royal Dutch Airline with a specific end goal to exploit KLM's productive administration forms shared course scope and innovation exchange, also as getting to outer markets, in this way improving her favorable competitive position (Liwen Jingkun, 2015). Strategic Execution and Leadership Two years back, the authority group at KQ invested months building up another strategy for its business. Over the earlier half-decade, six new contenders had entered the market, each conveying the most recent in low-cost production and slicing costs to pick up a piece of the overall industry. The execution of the unitonce the crown gem of the organization's portfoliohad deteriorated to the point that best administration was truly considering stripping it. To pivot the operation, the unit's authority group had prescribed an intense new "arrangements strategy" one that would use the business' introduced base to fuel development in post-retail administrations and gear financing. The money related estimations were energizingthe strategy guaranteed to re-establish the business' industry-driving returns and development. Mesmerized, the top administration immediately endorsed the arrangement, consenting to furnish the unit with every one of the assets is expected to make the turnaround a reality. Today, in any case, the unit's execution is no place close what its administration group had anticipated. Returns, while better than anyone might have expected, stay well below the organization's cost of capital. The incomes and benefits that directors had anticipated from administrations and financing have not emerged, and the business' cost position still lingers behind that of its real rivals. Therefore, the role of strategy execution did not lea d to success in KQ (Luciane Reinaldo, 2013). Currently, there is a change in leadership of the airline. On the other hand, SAA has verifiably been effective through authoritative development comprising of a very much organized and reliable strategy. SAA procured Mango for $1 billion as a preferred strategic standpoint move to amplify productivity. The strategic standpoint for SAA changed with this securing, and in this way, the goal, extension, and favorable position components should be re-distinguished in connection to the strategic move. In particular, SAA is thinking about how to use Mango to boost productivity by assessing every one of their courses and upgrading their flight designs. The procedure of progress and change will affect their goal and extension, so they are realigned with their new favorable position strategy. Future Strategic Potential To survive, significant airlines must choose the option to change course. With an on a very basic level lower cost structure, the vast airlines would be much better situated to wind up plainly gainful, develop, and dispatch a commercial center hostile against low-cost carriers. Now, the viewpoint for the industry is exceptionally indeterminate. If the center point and-talked carriers adhere to the present plan of action and endeavor to decrease costs inside the present operational system, they risk ceding of the market to low-cost carriers (LCCs), a round robin of insolvencies, and a battle for survival. The substantial airlines' mid-1990s emergency was a repetitive, economy-based downturn. LCCs were not a noteworthy issue at that point. At the point when the economy and their execution enhanced, the airlines to a great extent overlooked the risk postured by the lower-cost organize. That inaction just shrouded the genuine developing issue (Pederzini, 2016). This time the emergency is again recurrent, yet it is exacerbated by the nearness of low-cost carriers. On the off chance that the monetary picture lights up altogether, it is conceivable that the extensive airlines will bounce back, and that the essential plan of action issues will not be disposed of. On the off chance that that happens, the following patterned emergency will be so much more regrettable. In Africa, the low-cost carriers could then manage to price in more than 69% of the local market, instead of the current 39% to 44% (McManus, 2011). By then, a turnaround would be fundamentally more difficult than it is today. Conclusion The paper reasons that the best globalization challenge directly confronting Kenya Airways (KQ) and South Africa Airlines (SAA) is fear mongering, commonly known as terrorism. This had the most elevated rate as far as its positioning as a risk to the airline companies. Rivalry and changing innovation were likewise observed to be critical elements influencing KQ. Both of the airlines have reacted in various ways. One of the significant things the organizations have done is to think of a comprehensive strategic arrangement which includes the particular strategies it receives in the market. Chief among them has been setting up security administration framework with a specific end goal to build the well-being of flights. This is justifiable given the related involvements the organization has had where its flights have been associated with crashes, a current one being in Cameroon. The other strategy that KQ has broadly utilized incorporates shaping strategic cooperation with different airlines to beat the opposition. This has seen it fly into different goals that it was not ready to fly prior. References Alexandre P. and Nicols C., 2016. Indirectly productive entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 5(2), pp. 161-175. Binod K. Shrestha and Devi R. Gnyawali, 2013. Insights on strategic management practices in Nepal. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 2(2), pp. 191-210. Eyun?Jung Ki, Linda C. Hon, 2012. Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behavior intention in a membership organization. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17(2). Farhad A. and Akram S., 2012. Strategic management: the case of NGOs in Palestine. Management Research Review, 35(6), pp. 473-489. Fillis, I., 2010. The art of the entrepreneurial marketer. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, pp. 87-107. Hsu, Y., 2011. Design innovation and marketing strategy in successful product competition. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, pp. 223-236. Jay M., Abubakar Y A, Sagagi M., 2011. Knowledge creation and human capital for development: the role of graduate entrepreneurship. Education + Training, 53(5), pp. 462-479. Jennifer Kerr, Paul Rouse, and Charl de Villiers, 2015. Sustainability reporting integrated into management control systems. Pacific Accounting Review, pp. 189-207. Johan G. and Alistair R. A., 2017. Entrepreneurship and context: when entrepreneurship is greater than entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 23(2), pp. 267-278. Liwen Tan, Jingkun Ding, 2015. The frontier and evolution of the strategic management theory: A scientometric analysis of Strategic Management Journal, 2001-2012. Nankai Business Review International, 6(1), pp. 20-41. Luciane Reginato and Reinaldo Guerreiro, 2013. Relationships between environment, culture, and management control systems. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, pp. 219-240. McManus, J., 2011. Revisiting ethics in strategic management. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 11(2), pp. 214-223. Pederzini, G. D. A., 2016. Strategic management cultures: historical connections with science. Journal of Management History, 22(2), pp. 214-235.

From Horses to Horsepower The History of the Automobile free essay sample

This paper discusses the early years of the automobile industry in the U.S. This paper is an in-depth look at the history of the automobile. The author discusses the early era, and inventors such as Elwood Haynes and Henry Ford. The paper also discusses the Stanley Steamer, the Duryea Motor Company, and Ransom Olds. The paper includes other inventions related to the horseless carriage, and how cars have changed American society. From the paper: The automobile is said to have been a menace and a blessing, it has been worshiped and reviled, celebrated and scorned. The automobile is an invention that has had tremendous impact on society. The automobile has taken diverse segments of the American population; farmers, small town residents and urban dwellers and given them access to the same opportunities and experiences. Automobiles have given us motels, shopping malls, drive-through, vacations, commuting, and of course, suburbia. The concept of the automobile is one of the most profound and important chapters in the development of American society. We will write a custom essay sample on From Horses to Horsepower: The History of the Automobile or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay The Effects of Television Violence on Children Children and Television Violence, What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence rears its ugly head. We see it in the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many peoples living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It is the television, and the children who view it are often pulled into its realistic world of violence scenes with sometimes devastating results. Much research has gone into showing why children are so mesmerized by this big glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Research shows that it is definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. The research proves time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of Television Violence On Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Still others dont even seem to care. However, the facts are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life long. The information cant be ignored. Violent television viewing does affect children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, a 16-year-old boy broke into a cellar. When the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so to not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the night before. In California, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner. When asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the results would be the same in real life as they were on television (Howe 72). These are certainly startling examples of how television can affect the child. It must be pointed out that all of these situations were directly caused by children watching violent television. Not only does television violence affect the childs youth, but it can also affect his or her adulthood. Some psychologists and psychiatrists feel that continued exposure to such violence might unnaturally speed up the impact of the adult world on the child. This can force the child into a kind of premature maturity. As the child matures into an adult, he can become bewildered, have a greater distrust towards others, a superficial approach to adult problems, and even an unwillingness to become an adult (Carter 14). Television violence can destroy a young childs mind. The effects of this violence can be long lasting, if not never-ending. For some, television at its worst, is an assault on a childs mind, an insidious influence tat upsets moral balance and makes a child prone to aggressive behavior as it warps his or her perception of the real world. Other see television as an unhealthy intrusion into a childs learning process, substituting easy pictures for the discipline of reading and concentrating and transforming the young viewer into a hypnotized non thinker (Langone 48). As you can see, television violence can disrupt a childs learning and thinking ability which will cause life long problems. If a child cannot do well in school, his or her whole future is at stake. Why do children like the violence that they see on television? Since media violence is much more vicious than that which children normally experience, real-life aggression appears bland by comparison (Dorr 127). The violence on television is able to be more exciting and enthralling than the violence that is normally viewed on the streets. .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .postImageUrl , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:hover , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:visited , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:active , .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4450a46035683d901dc13455e7700a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ferdinand Marcos Essay Instead of just seeing a police officer handing a ticket to a speeding violator, he can beat the offender bloody on television. However, children dont always realize this is not the way thing are handled in real life. They come to expect it, and when they dont see it the world becomes bland and in need of violence. The children then can create the violence that their mind craves. The television violence can cause actual violence in a number of ways. As explained above, after viewing television violence the world becomes bland in comparison. The child needs to create violence to keep himself satisfied (Dorr 127). Also the children find the violent characters on television fun to imitate. Children do imitate the behavior of models such as those portrayed in television, movies, etc. They do so because the ideas that are shown to them on television are more attractive to the viewer than those the viewer can think up himself (Brown 98). This has been widely seen lately with the advent of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Young children cannot seem to get enough of these fictional characters and will portray them often. Another reason why television violence causes violence in children is apparent in the big cities. Aggressive behavior was more acceptable in the city, where a childs popularity rating with classmates was not hampered by his or her aggression (Huesmann 166). In the bigger cities, crime and violence is inevitable, expected and, therefore, is left unchecked and out of line. Much research into the topic of children and television violence has been conducted. All of the results seem to point in the same direction. There are undeniable correlations between violent television and aggression. This result was obtained in a survey of London schoolchildren in 1975. Greensberg found a significant relationship between violence viewing and aggression (Dorr 160), In Israel 74 children from farms were tested as well as 112 schoolchildren from the city of Tel Aviv. The researchers found that the city children watched far more television than their farmland counterparts. However, both groups of children were just as likely to choose a violent program to watch when watching television. The city children had a greater tendency to regard violent television programs as accurate reflections of real life than the farm children. Likewise, the city boys identified most with characters from violent programs than did those living on the farms (Huesmann 166). The government also did research in this area. They conducted an experiment where children were left alone in a room with a monitor playing videotape of other children at play. Soon, things got out of handO and progressive mayhem began to take place. Children who had just seen commercial violence accepted much higher levels of aggression than other children. The results were published in a report. OA Sergon Generals report found some preliminary indications of a casual relationship between television viewing and aggressive behavior in children (Langone 50). In other research among U.S. children it was discovered that aggression, academic problems, unpopularity with peers and violence feed off each other. This promotes violent behavior in the children (Huesmann 166). The child watches violence, which causes aggression. The combination of aggression and continued television viewing lead to poor academic standings as well as unpopularity. These can cause more aggression and a vicious cycle begins to spin. In yet another pieces, if research children who watch a lot of violent television were compared to children who dont. The results were that the children who watched more violent television were more likely to agree that its okay to hit someone if you are mad at them for a good reason. The other group learned that problems can be solved passively, through discussion and authority (Cheyney 46). .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .postImageUrl , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:hover , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:visited , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:active { border:0!important; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:active , .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308 .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8856daecb6aef2c2ad9953086a9b308:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creative Writing Narrative Essay The most important aspect of violence in television is preventing it. There are many ways in which it can be prevented, but not often are many carried out. These solutions are easy to implement, but are often overlooked because of commercial purposes. One such solution is to create conflict without killing. Michael Landon, who starred in and directed Little House on the Prairie, managed to do so in his programs. His goal was to put moral lessons in his show in an attempt to teach while entertaining. On the program Hill Street Blues the conflicts are usually personal and political matters among the characters. Although some violence does occur, the theme is not the action, but rather its consequences (Cheyney 49). Perhaps the most important way to prevent children from watching television violence is to stop it where it starts. The parents should step in and turn the set off when a violent program comes on. The parents are the childs role models from which he learns. If he can learn at an early age that violence on television is bad, then he can turn the set off for himself when he is older. Education should start at home. Fixing the problems of children and television violence isnt easy. There are many factors that have to be considered and people to be convinced. This problem will, no doubt, never go away and continue to get worse as the years go by. However, there are measures that can be taken to prevent the children from ever being exposed to such things. After all, whats the world going to be like when the people who are now children are running the world? Works Cited Langone, John. Violence. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. , 1984. Cheyney, Glenn Alan. Television in American Society. New York: Franklin Watts Co. , 1983. Howe, Michael J. A. Television and Children. London: New University Education, 1977. Husemann, L. Rowell. Social Channels Tune TVs effects. Science News 14 Sept. 1985: 166. Door, Palmer. Children and the Faces of Television. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Carter, Douglass. TV. Violence and the Child. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1977.

Reading Disability

Reading Disability A reading disability is a type of learning disability caused by neurological factors that affect the ability of a child to read normally (Safford, 2006). Reading disabilities impair the ability of a person to read according to the expected level.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A reading disability is also referred to as dyslexia and can affect any child including those with normal levels of intelligence. Children with reading disabilities are faced with a lot of challenges when it comes to learning (Safford, 2006). Children with reading disabilities have persistent difficulties when it comes to using their decoding strategies and therefore completely rely on their whole memory for reading. This affects their fluency in reading and consequently their understanding of text becomes very difficult. Children with reading disabilities read slowly due to their difficultie s with spelling and phonological processing. The visual and verbal response of children with reading disability is also very poor and in the process affects their manipulation of sounds (Hatcher, 1999). The reading accuracy and comprehension of children is normally impaired by the reading disability and therefore affecting their academic life. Students with reading disabilities should be given extra time to complete assignments and examinations. Reading disabilities can be partially inherited or can be caused by physical damage to the brain (Hatcher, 1999). According to research findings, reading disabilities can be caused by gene mutations that lead to writing and reading deficits. Children with visual problems tend to experience reading disorders in many occasions compared to those without visual problems (Hatcher, 1999). The nervous system of a person is very important in coordinating the brain and visual processes.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In case any of the brain and visual processes is interfered with, children are bound to have difficulties with their reading abilities. Children with language deficits may also experience difficulties when reading (Konza, 2006). Neurological difficulties and the impairment of sensory nerves are among the physiological factors that cause reading impairments (Konza, 2006). The reading success of parents is a fundamental hereditary factor that can cause reading disabilities. The intellectual environment created by parents plays a significant role in determining whether their children experience reading disabilities or not (Konza, 2006). Phonological processing and word recognition are in most cases influenced by genetics. Racial identification and other socioeconomic factors can influence the reading abilities of a child. The learning strategies used by learning institutions can also affect the ability of chi ldren to read and comprehend information (Torgesen, 2002). Regular practice is needed for students to sharpen and perfect their reading skills. Children with reading disabilities have certain characteristics that distinguish them from normal children (Torgesen, 2002). Identification of single words is the first difficulty that children with reading difficulties experience. Children with reading disabilities also find it difficult to understand rhymes and other sounds in words. This group of students also experience difficulties with spelling and comprehension of reading materials (Torgesen, 2002). Children with reading disabilities are always unable to read at a faster rate whether silently or orally. Children with reading disabilities may omit or substitute words when reading. The spoken language of children with reading disabilities is normally delayed and their written expression is also very poor. Reading disabilities makes children to be mixed up when it comes to directions and opposites. Decoding syllables is among the major challenges of children with reading disabilities (Konza, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reversal of words is a common characteristic of children with reading disabilities. Associating syllables with specific sounds is another problem for children with reading disabilities. The functioning of brain hemispheres affects the reading speed of children. It is important to evaluate the reading abilities of children on a regular basis in order to diagnose any kind of reading disabilities as early as possible (Malmquist, 1958). It is important to consider the fact that reading disabilities are not related to low intelligence. The languages spoken at school and the child’s home are among the things considered when evaluating a child’s reading abilities. Cultural factors and educational opportunities also influence the reading abilities of children. It is possible for a child to compensate for a reading disorder through early intervention (Malmquist, 1958). The severity of a reading disability and the kind of help they receive determine whether the case can be improved or not. The self-esteem of children with reading disabilities is normally very low and the situation can become worse if teachers and the immediate family do not offer their support towards improving the child’s condition. It is possible to overcome a reading disorder if the condition is detected before the child reaches grade three (Konza, 2006). Children with reading disabilities may lack interest in learning activities which leads to poor academic performance. One of the best interventions for children with reading disabilities is to improve their word recognition skills (Konza, 2006). It is important for students with reading disabilities to learn how to recognize real words as the first step towards improv ing their reading abilities (Hatcher, 1999). Teachers should help this group of students to improve their word recognition skills to supplement their sound recognition skills. Phonemic awareness, word attack skills, phonics and decoding are some of the areas that this type of intervention aims at improving (Hatcher, 1999). Teachers and other professionals use direct instructions as the best method of teaching children with reading disabilities word recognition skills.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Direct instructions involve repetition practices that ensure that the children completely perfect their word recognition skills. Regular practice is the key to improving word recognition skills for children with reading disabilities (Safford, 2006). The instructional components of improving word recognition skills include sequencing, segmentation and advanced organizers. The sequencing component involves breaking down reading tasks. This helps in matching students with the level of their reading disability. The teachers arrange for short sessions where students are able to read, review and underline new words in a passage. The second instructional component under this intervention is segmentation where the various skills being taught to students are broken down into segments for quick understanding of the reading tasks. Advanced organizers enable students to get familiar with the learning instructions in advance before the actual lessons (Safford, 2006). It is essential to improve t he comprehension skills of students as they learn how to recognize words. The reading program of children with reading disabilities should be constantly evaluated to ensure the programs deliver the expected results. Children with reading disabilities encounter a lot of challenges and should therefore be given some special attention when it comes to school assignments and examinations (Safford, 2006). It is important to accommodate this group of students for them to feel loved and appreciated. Students with reading disabilities can not compete at the same level with normal students. Their reading speed is slow and this should be compensated by allowing them some extra time to complete their assignments and examinations (Konza, 2006). The level of reading disability should be used to determine the amount of extra time that children with reading disabilities should be added. It would be very unfair and inhuman to expect children with reading disabilities to compete at the same level wi th normal children. According to research findings, children with visual problems have high chances of encountering problems in their reading. The extra time enables children with reading disabilities to understand questions at their speed and be able to answerer them according to their level (Konza, 2006). Children with reading disabilities end up not completing their assignments and examinations in a case where they are not given some extra time. Their reading and writing speed is very slow and therefore can not allow them to finish their assignments and examinations within the normal time (Konza, 2006). In conclusion, reading disabilities are a reality and parents in collaboration with teachers should look for ways of ensuring that children with this kind of disability are given enough support (Torgesen, 2002). Genetic and physiological factors are among the major causes of reading disabilities among children. It is important for parents and teachers to detect any kind of reading disabilities as early as possible so that proper measures can be taken to prevent the situation from getting worse. Helping students with reading disabilities to perfect their word recognition skills is among the basic interventions for children with reading disabilities (Torgesen, 2002). Children with reading disabilities should be given extra time in order to complete assignments and examinations because they can not compete at the same level with normal children (Hatcher, 1999). Accommodating children with reading disabilities helps in improving their self-esteem and academic performance. References Hatcher, P. (1999). Phonemes, rhymes, and intelligence as predictors of children’s responsiveness to remedial reading instruction: Evidence from a longitudinal intervention study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72(2), 130-153. Konza, D. (2006). Teaching students with reading difficulties. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Australia. Malmquist, E. (1958). Factors relate d to reading disabilities in the first grade of elementary school. New York, NY: Almqvsit Wiksell. Safford, P. (2006). Children with disabilities in America: A historical handbook and guide. New York, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group. Torgesen, J. (2002). The prevention of reading difficulties. Journal of School Psychology, 40(1), 7-26.

Interaction Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interaction Devices - Essay Example Generally, touch screens offer more comfort to users than other input devices. In relation to this, people who are impaired and find keyboards and mice difficult to use will find touch screen devices easier to use. They are also easier to clean and maintain. In spite of their numerous advantages, touch screen devices are not without disadvantages. They may cause fatigue to users especially when installed for use in such places as demand straining or near extreme stretching of arms (Xiangshi, 2000). They may also be subject to obscurity after several episodes of touch. With the development of technology, more input devices are bound to be used in the future. While the keyboard, mouse and touch screen are used today, their use may be short lived. In ten years to come, computer input devices under use will probably use head tracking devices, hand tracking devices, laser keyboards, projected mice, and full body motion tracking devices as noted by Moeller

Project management report of urban regeneration project south america Essay

Project management report of urban regeneration project south america - Essay Example It also sets out a timetable for the preparation and review of these documents and covers a rolling 3-year period. The LDF is made up of the following Local Development Documents (LDDs) Statement of Community Involvement (SCI) which delineates the standards the project management team intends to adapt in an attempt to involve the community in the preparation of the LDDs and the planning application process in Guayaquil In producing the LDS the project management team has taken into consideration the fact that the Imagen Objetivo has been completed and a draft scheme has been received from the key stakeholders (Planning Portal 2005). The Pertinent Development Plan Documents (DPDs) and Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs) which will be prepared over the course of four years. These plan documents coincide with the phases of development Some of the planning policy documents that the will be produced will be development plan documents and others, such as supplementary planning documents, will not. The project management team recognizes the fact that any recommendations in the Planning Inspectors report are binding. As a general rule, supplementary planning documents are not subject to a public examination but will still be the subject of public consultation before they are adopted by the Council. For the purposes of operating within a clear time constraint, the project live cycle was designed to be coincidental with the LDS. As such, the project phasing begins with a strong focus on the development of the Commercial Centre first and foremost and subsequently the development of the New Plaza Civica, the food court, the public walkway, the refurbishment of the old fish market, the cultural centre and finally the development of the New National Art Gallery and Museum. The rationale behind beginning with the development of the Commercial Center relates to the

What is a Barrier Island Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

What is a Barrier Island - Essay Example Barrier island is normally a thin and elongated area of land that is largely made up of sand. Habitat: Barrier islands are located on the North America east coast in such places as North Carolina, New Jersey, and Florida. Some barrier islands are also situated along the gulf coast, i.e. Louisiana. Different components of a typical barrier island include but are not limited to dunes, salt marshes, oceans, mainlands, back dunes, and bays. A dune is a hilly area made up of sand brought with the passage of wind. Back due, as the name implies, forms that rear part of a dune. When salt water overflows somewhere, flat pieces of land emerge that are known as salt marshes. Small bodies of water that are distant from the main water body with a large volume are known as bays. All of these places provide different types of organisms with habitat. Organisms like spiders, egg-laying animals usually occupy the regions in the vicinity of the dunes or oceans. Some of the most common animals that live on the beaches of the barrier islands are seagulls, burrowing worms, pelicans and scavenging crabs. Different kinds of terns and crabs live in the dunes. The number of organisms living in a barrier island depends upon its size. In large barrier islands, there are more habitats to accommodate more organisms. Likewise, smaller islands offer fewer habitats for lesser animals. Weather conditions in the barrier islands: Barrier islands have harsh conditions. There are frequent speedy wind blows and sand blows that result into extreme dryness. The coastal storms are so powerful and full of energy that they can totally ruin the barrier islands. They are empowered by such features of the natural environment on the barrier islands as high tides and waves. The constant change in the weather conditions causes an equivalent change in the habitat. The animals that live there have adapted themselves to survive in extreme conditions accordingly. Likewise, the human population that lives on the ba rrier islands is also equipped with the required necessities to combat the extremity of weather. Most people who live in the barrier islands at a certain point in time do not occupy them permanently. People construct homes on them to use them temporarily as they spend their time on the barrier islands during summer vacations. Effects of storms on the barrier islands: Along with affecting the animals and humans, the coastal storms also have a severe impact on the form and shape of the barrier islands. A lot of erosion occurs on the dunes when coastal storms occur. Severe forms of coastal storms can fully damage the dune system. The power of the coastal storms can be estimated from the fact that just one storm can disintegrate all components of a barrier island and completely wash it away. Barrier islands may disappear as a result, though it only takes one to two years for a lost barrier island to resurface. Originally, the deterioration of an island is not physically noticeable. But the currents of wave increase in their size and energy level when the island is actually gone. Summary of the concept: A barrier island is a region that is largely made up of sand and its function is to serve as a barrier between the coastal storms and the mainland.  

Literature Review: Wireless Sensor Networks

Literature Review: Wireless Sensor Networks CHAPTER 2 To complete this project, a lot of literature reviews have been done. These include many case studies from past to recent research and general understanding towards the theory behind each technology. Articles, journals, books, previous projects and internet have served as sources of literature reviews. Some major case studies are described below. 2.1.1 Case study 1 Case study towards paper Integration of RFID into Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures, Opportunities and Challenging Problems (2006) [1] In this paper, Lei Zhang and Zhi Wang propose three different forms of network architecture based on integration of RFID and wireless sensor network, The three architecture are Heterogeneous network, Distributed reduced functional sensor reader network, and Mini node network. Heterogeneous network architecture uses 802.11b/Wi-Fi technology as its platform. In Physical layer, 802.11b/Wi-Fi uses the unlicensed 2.4 GHZ band and Discrete Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique. Its maximum data rate can reach to 11 Mbps. In MAC sub-layer, 802.11b/Wi-Fi uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme, which will improve the efficiency of network. This architecture is good for real-time operation but limited range. Distributed reduced functional sensor reader network architecture uses ZigBee protocol as its platform. The reasons are ZigBee uses lower power consumption in physical layer and MAC layer, more reliable and low cost. This architecture is good for wide range but no real-time requirement. The last architecture which is the Mini node network architecture uses IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard protocol as its platform since there is little data flow and reduced cost. The mini node is actually the Mica nodes which allow communication between each mini node. This architecture is specially fit for industrial security and remote condition-based maintenance system, Figure 2.1 below describe remote condition-based maintenance systems based on the application of Mini node network architecture. By using this architecture, the reader from the forklift will sense signal from each mini node and will move toward the signalled mini node to perform tasks like move rotating parts of a machine automatically. Figure 2.1: Fork lift operation dispatching in a factory [1] Case study 2 Case study on paper Smart Home Mobile RFID-based Internet-Of-Things Systems and Service (2008) [2] Mohsen Darianian, Martin Peter Michael introduce a RFID reader system architecture for a home comprised of several readers in master slave architecture. The communication protocol between the readers and tags is based on RFID standard protocols like UHF. As shown in Figure2.2 below, the system consists of following reader components: Master Reader (MR), a number of Slave Readers (SR), and Mobile RFID (MRFID) Reader The Master reader is a conventional powerful fixed reader with a direct fixed or wireless connection to the smart home server. It starts the read process of slave readers and power up passive tags for reading process. In addition, this master reader also acts as the so-called RF Energy Generator for mobile RFID reader so that the mobile RFID reader can have lower consumption of power. The Slave reader acts as middleware for capturing tag ID information tags which are not accessible by the direct radio transmission of the master reader. Slave readers will be integrated in the home appliances. Since location of the slave readers is known by the system, it is good for localization of tags As for the Mobile RFID reader, in this paper, it has been improved so that it does not consume a lot of energy. The mobile RFID reader will use the proposed architecture so-called RF Energy Generator to be powered up by master reader or slave reader. Thus, these mobile readers will act like passive readers. In this paper, Mohsen Darianian, and Martin Peter Michael have apply the proposed system architecture as described above to create a smart home which apply wireless concepts along with RFID technologies for creating services almost everywhere in a house. It applications include control electrical appliances, home tele-monitoring, and give intelligent suggestions inside the house automatically and wirelessly. Figure 2.2: Smart Home using RFID and WSN [2] Case study 3 Case study on Paper Bus Management System Using RFID in WSN by Ben Ammar Hatem and Hamam Habib (2009) [3] In this paper, intelligent bus tracking application applying integration of RFID and wireless sensor network technology to monitor whether the bus will be arriving on time, early or late inside the bus station is introduced. The design approach is proposed. As shown in Figure 2.3, first, each bus will has its own UHF tag. Next, Entrance and exit doors will be equipped with an RFID reader, antennas and motion sensors. When a bus enters or exits the station, the RFID reader will send its identification to the central computer where the event is displayed on a Map. Finally, a software application on the control station keeps track of the entrance and the exit of buses and updates the displays related to those buses with useful information. The communication will be wireless using ZigBee protocol. To execute this proposed architecture, they choose to use Ultra High Frequency generation 2 (UHF Gen2) RFID which operates between 860MHz to 960MHz bandwidth. UHF is better suited for reading tag attached to buses. It uses backscatter technique to communicate with the tag and provides higher read range compared to HF and LF technology. As for the antenna, they used Alien circular antenna to read RFID tags to improve orientation of reading. Two antennas are used in each gate, to communicate with tags. One is used for the emission of energy to the tag and the other receives energy back from the tag. The display is using the LCD and LED technologies. By completing this proposed system, it is hope to provide a smart solution for managing the bus schedule in the bus stations and offering helpful information to passengers. Problems like under employment of buses fleet and long waiting time at the bus station can be minimised. Case study 4 Case study on paper Intelligent Traffic Management System Base on WSN and RFID by Lejiang Guo, Wei Fang, Guoshi Wang and Longsheng Zheng (2010) [4] This paper introduces Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) base on RFID and WSN, and discusses the hardware and software design principles of the system. Figure 2.4 shows the ITS system architecture. It consists of Access and Terminal Layer, Application Processing Layer, and Data storage and access management. The Access and Terminal layer mainly completes information exchange between each subsystem of ITS. Application Processing Layer will be responsible for processing the information. And lastly the Data storage and access management will be the data management system for the ITS system. As for the composition of the system, RFID tags and sensor nodes are used to keep stored in the monitoring area. RFID reader is used for the base station. At the same time, the sensor nodes send the data after its transfer to the local PC or remote network. RFID can be used for dereliction of duty as an intelligent base station device for RFID and data WSN systems Integration. In the network, the system consists of five types of facilities which are Base Station, Sensor nodes, RFID Tags, Device reader and Center Data Platform. Zigbee protocol is implemented in this system architecture. Figure 2.5 show how the sensor nodes are deployed and communicate to each other. As for the data communication middleware, advanced web Service architecture is implemented. The reason is web service is the most advanced platform for distributed applications, by which it not only can achieve basic distributed application, but also improve fault tolerance. Messaging middleware is using XML format for the transmission of information. Geographic Information System (GIS) is also combined in the system. GIS is based on one of the technologies supported by Public Security Traffic Management GIS platform. GIS is used to process all information associated with visual processing, to provide simple and direct for visualization information interface. By utilizing the application of ITS based on combination of RFID and WSN. The real-time traffic management system can provides the basis for efficient data monitoring. Second, the system uses the heterogeneous adaptive network architecture for road monitoring will provide a more flexible way, efficient, reliable system communication architecture for traffics management system Case study 5 Case study on paper Innovative Application of RFID Systems to Special Education Schools by Shu-Hui Yang and Pao-Ann Hsiung (2010) [5] In this paper, the uses of RFID system innovatively broaden. Application of innovative Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems has been incorporated to special education school campus to improve the teaching and learning and control process in special education schools. For the Implementation Platform and Architecture, the main RFID campus system was implemented using the YesTurnkey technology, which includes four parts, namely front-end RFID middleware server, front-end RFID application server, backend database server, and backend RFID application server. Front-end RFID Middleware Server consists of YesTurnkey Asset Tracking Manager which is a manager of all network resources that includes the set of active RFID readers installed on campus and RFID Processor DLL that processes RFID data. Front-end RFID Application Server is a server which used by the Type 1 (Direct-Connected) RFID scenario windows applications. Backend Database Server implemented the Microsoft SQL Server. And finally, Backend RFID Application Server: which manages the execution of two kinds of applications which are YesTurnkey WiNOC (Wired/Wireless Network Operations Center) Web Application and Type 2 (LAN-Based) RFID Scenario Web Application. However, five of the innovative works are focused, including student temperature monitoring (STM), body weight monitoring (BWM), garbage disposal monitoring (GDM), mopping course recording (MCR), and campus visitor monitoring (CVM) by applying the RFID system technology. Basic operation for mopping course recording (MCR) system will be described below. (Swab with the reader is moving across tag) As shown in Figure 2.6, first, they patch up of a mobile pedestal, an artificial plastic floor with embedded passive RFID tags, and a real mop equipped with a Bluetooth passive RFID reader. The mobile pedestal carried a laptop for displaying the real time status of how a student is performing the cleaning job and a projector connected to the laptop, which could project a black, dark grey, light grey or white image on the artificial floor, which represented dirty, little clean, quite clean, and clean. By using this MCR, teacher can monitor these special education students so that the students will learn to complete their task better. As can be seen, by using this RFID technology, outcomes shown above have truly give benefits not only to teacher but also the student. Research is still ongoing to include RFID technologies in teaching method and materials. Summary of the case studies Theories behind this project This section explains general theory on the technologies involve in this project. The theory and technology involve include Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Integration of WSN and RFID and Visual Basic Programming (VB). 2.2.1 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) A Wireless Sensor Network is a self-configuring network of small sensor nodes communicating among themselves using radio signals, and deployed in quantity to sense, monitor and understand the physical world such as temperature, pressure, humidity and more. Figure 2.7: WSN Sensor Node 2.2.1.1 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Topology Wireless sensor network topology show how each sensor node inside a wireless network are connected. Some of the WSN topologies are like star, mesh and cluster/tree. They are shown Figure 2.8 below. Basic WSN topology is the star topology in which each node maintains a single, direct communication path with the gateway. To increase wireless coverage, cluster/tree topology can be used although it increases complexity. Finally, although network latency may be experienced, mesh topology is especially good in increase network reliability. [6] Figure 2.8: WSN network topologies 2.2.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) components A wireless sensor network may consist of the following components: power supply, microcontroller, wireless communication, sensor, local storage, and real time clock systems. Some components may be optional and are depend on the function purpose. The main idea is that the sensors are connected to a tiny computer that coordinates the measurement, pre-processes, stores and delivers the information. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) characteristics This section describes the behavior or the uniqueness of wireless sensor network. Some of them are: harvest or store limited power, Able to withstand harsh environmental conditions, able to adapt with node breakdown, nodes mobility, dynamic network topology, heterogeneity of nodes, large scale of deployment, unattended operation, and lastly, node capacity is scalable and only limited by bandwidth of gateway node. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) protocols There are a lot of wireless sensor network protocols in market nowadays. Some of the well- known WSN protocols are Bluetooth, WiFiZone, IEEE and ZigBee. Choosing the wrong protocol may cause severe inefficiency and prevent the WSN to accomplish user need. The protocol will affect energy dissipation, system cost, Latency and Security. Thus, it is very important to choose the best protocol for a system as it strongly impact on system performance. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) platform Wireless sensor network platform basically include the hardware design, modular design, smart sensor interface, software design, and operating system. The hardware designs include super node, simple node and gateway. All these design have to follow several standardized specification developed by IEEE, Internet Engineering Task Force, and International Society of Automation. Modular design has to be flexible and expandable for various applications. Smart sensor interface has to equipped with plug and play modules. Important topics to be considered in software design include security, mobility and middleware which allow communication between software and hardware. And finally, operating system has to be compatible with TinyOS as TinyOS allows easy establishment to wireless sensor network. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) RFID is a means of identifying a person or object using radio frequency transmission. Mainly, RFID consists of three parts which are reader, tag and also host computer. There are also various types of reader and tags depend on their uses. Figure below show basic operation of a RFID system. First, to read data for tag, tag is move and enter RF field of reader through antenna. Then, RF signal from antenna will power the tag to allow the tag to transmit its ID and data back. Reader will then capture the data and send them to the computer for displaying. To write data to the tags, we just write the data into the computer, and the reader will take the data from the computer and transmits them into the tag via the antenna. Figure 2.9: Basic Operations of RFID 2.2.2.1 RFID reader RFID reader is also called as RFID interrogator and it is used to read/write data from/to tags. It can operate on single or multiple frequencies, and perform anti-collision processing. There is also a hybrid RFID reader which can read bar code. There are mainly three types of RFID reader which are fixed, hand-held and mobile reader. Each reader has their own uniqueness. RFID reader consists of components like receiver, transmitter, oscillator, controller/processor and input/output port. The receiver holds an amplifier and a demodulator. Transmitter has a modulator and power amplifier. Oscillator is used to provide carrier signal to modulator and a reference signal to demodulator circuits. Then, the controller/processor will perform data processing and communicates with external network. And lastly, input/output port is connected to the antenna. 2.2.2.2 RFID tag RFID tag consists of RFID chip, antenna and power source. RFID chip consists of modulation circuitry, control circuitry, processor and memory. Modulation circuitry can change the signal from reader to include data to be transmitted back to the reader. Control circuitry control internal function under the command of processor. Processor interpret signal from reader and control memory storage with retrieval. And memory serves as writable and non-writable data storage. Antenna is only used by Ultra high frequency and Microwave frequency tags. Low frequency and High frequency tags will use induction coils. As for power sources, the tags can be divided into three types which are active tags, semi-passive tags and passive tags. Active tags have internal power source. Passive tags draw power from reader. And Semi-passive tags are battery-assisted but communicated by drawing power from reader. Integration of WSN and RFID Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to sense and monitor various parameters in the environment while RFID is used to detect presence, location and identification of objects. By integrating these two technologies, they will provide a significant improvement on monitoring application. The basic idea of integration of WSN with RFID is to connect the RFID reader to an RF transceiver, which has routing function and can forward information to and from other readers wirelessly. RFID will act as a sensor in the WSN. With combination of RFID and WSN, monitoring and tracking application can be done not only outdoor but indoor also (with obstacle). The coverage can also be improved depends on the specification of WSN platform used. Visual Basic Programming (VB) Visual Basic is a programming language and environment developed by Microsoft which is based on the BASIC language. Visual Basic is commonly used to develop graphical user interface. Visual Basic was one of the first products to provide a graphical programming environment for developing user interfaces. Since it uses graphical programming environment, we can be sure to increase the efficiency in design the graphical user interface.

Abandoning Satan Essay -- Essays Papers

Abandoning Satan In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, the author employ’s several different themes to suggest a tone of tragedy. Those include abandonment, tragic flaw, and the punishment exceeds the crime. The two main characters, Victor Frankenstein and his monster, are deemed as tragic heroes in Shelly’s novel. Webster defines a hero as â€Å"a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life.† Frankenstein and his monster each have their own levels of tragedy. Shelly also supplies each character with flaws and imperfections. The punishments for creating the monster are greatly harsher than the crime of creating it. Abandonment is the first main theme in the novel. Abandonment is defined as â€Å"to give up completely and to desert†(Webster 1). Both Frankenstein and his creation go through several different episodes of abandonment. Frankenstein abandons his family, his creation, and his homeland. The monster abandons his non-evil state of mind, and then society. Young Victor abandons his monster because of its wretchedness. What began as a man ends up a mockery, and a â€Å"hideous being of gigantic structure†(Tropp 62). Victor barely even thinks twice about leaving his creation. The shear ugliness of it took over all thought of whether it could be good or evil or if it needed anything. The monster had â€Å"no father [to watch his] infant days† and, â€Å"no mother to bless [him] with smiles†(87). The monster was a â€Å"poor, helpless, miserable wretch,† with no one to turn to (72). When the creation woke up Victor instantly left the building. T he creator never saw his creation after that until he was detained by it. The creation was left to â€Å"struggle with a child’s blindness, added to a student’s thirst for knowledge† (23). Frankenstein’s next episode of abandonment tears him away from his family. Victor leaves home to go study at college. In the mean time his family and his beloved Elizabeth got left out of his priorities. He wished to exert â€Å"his own selfhood† over others (Walling 45). Frankenstein, â€Å"so deeply engraved in [his] occupation,† never ceased to think about his family. He thought only of himself and how to command the powers of life as he worked so diligently on his creation and studies. He misses seven years of his family’s life in consequence to his actions. ... ...to be destroyed by it (Tropp 56). Frankenstein shows to depart from â€Å" his dream of becoming godlike in direct proportion to his failure to love† his family and his work (Walling 45). The monster has flaws man cannot have or posses. The monster is demonic and Satan-like. He is the â€Å"monstrous double of Lucifer† (Tropp 68). The monster turned from archangel to arch destroyer. â€Å"In Paradise lost, after the meeting a Pandemonium, Satan decides to fly to earth and inspect gods latest creation. Taking the form of a cormorant, he perches on a tree in Eden and secretly observes Adam and Eve in the garden. After the monster has left the shepherd’s hut, traveled to a village, and been driven out in a hail of stones, it hides in a hovel where it can secretly observe the lines of a noble family reduced to poverty† (Tropp 72-73). This passage tells how the life of Satan and the monster are parallel. When the monster â€Å"reflected that they had spurned and deserted me anger returned† (101). Satan feels the same type of torment as he spies on Adam and Eve. The interplay of Frankenstein/Monster is somewhat like the relationship between Lucifer/Satan.

Big love: religious or criminal? Essay

Barbara, Nikki, and Margie are three women from three very different backgrounds whom share one very universal dynamic. Barbara, is an extremely devoted mother of three, elementary school teacher, and wife to her husband named Bill. Although very endearing, Barbara is no stranger to pain and struggle. After only a few years of marriage to Bill, Barbara was diagnosed with breast cancer, a terminal disease which she battled for years. Moreover, Barbara overcame her struggle and has now become a better wife and mother. Nikki, a timid young woman, is a mother of two, relentlessly inflicts her harsh religious beliefs onto others as she was raised on the same polygamous compound as her husband named Bill. Margine, a vibrant liberal young woman and mother of 3, is a housewife who has the spirit of a 16 year old girl. Despite her vivid appeal to people, life, and friendships, she constantly struggles with insecurities that prohibit her from being the woman and mother that she aspires to be and coincidentally, her husband is also named Bill. Although these three women are all married to a man named Bill, the common name sake is no coincidence. Margine, Barbara, and Nikki are all married to the same man, Bill Paxton. Bill, owner of a major retailer is a Polygamist who resides outside of Utah after being banished from the polygamist compound where he once grew up. Despite his excommunication from the ranch, Bill continued to implement the same polygamist fundamentals into this own lifestyle. Bill has 3 wives, Barbara, Nikki, and Margine, whom he married consecutively and currently has 8 children between all three wives. Barbara, the first wife is responsible for maintaining the hierarchy between all the wives, while Margine and Nikki maintain their own individual homes. Whist many outsiders of polygamy consider their relationships immoral and illegal, this family attempts to preserve their bond through the religious upbringings that they are accustomed to. This narrative is that of the HBO series, Big Love, which depicts the lifestyle of a polygamist family outside of a compound, whom consequentially attempts to apply religious beliefs and multi-marital subsistence to their family while simultaneously sheltering the world from their illegitimate existence. Despite the HBO’s depiction of polygamy in the United States, the commonality of polygamy is currently being rationalized, causing more individuals in society to evaluate the internal infrastructure of many polygamist cults as more criminal than religious. Overall, polygamy is not a new concept to the modern world. Many indigenous cultures across the globe still practice polygamy including various tribes in Africa and South America, and yet in other areas such as the United States, Europe, and Asia, monogamy is enforced, thus making polygamy illegal in many parts of these designated Areas. Polygamy in the United States can be dated back to 1929 in its association to the Mormon Church, even though the Book of Mormon was created in the late 1800s. Mormonism is quite different from traditional Christianity. Traditional Roman Catholicism has divisional leaders such as priests and or deacons whist Mormon church officials are deemed prophets. Traditional Mormonism is classified under a branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Under Mormonism, The Book of Mormon is a companion of the traditional holy bible and teaches that as God was man, man can become a god as well. Additionally, Mormons also believe that God was not created on earth, but on another planet under his god. Just as humans must adhere to commandments, God also had to conform to a set of conventions in order to please his god. After complying under god’s rule, God came to earth where he married a goddess with whom he produced children. These children, deemed the spiritual offspring whom later developed as humans on earth, are brothers and sisters of Adam and Eve. Modern Mormonism under the sect of Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints should not be confused with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) openly practice and support polygamy within secluded compounds or polygamist epicenters where this practice is legal in portions of the United States such as Texas and small areas within Utah. The official leader and of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Gordon B. Hinckley, has denounced polygamist practices, promising to excommunicate any member whom participates in polygamy activities. Furthermore, Hinckley has stated that there is no such thing as a Mormon Fundamentalist, which refers to the FLDS church, thus regarding the church and its members as complete contradictions (â€Å" ‘Mormon’ Polygamy: Misconceptionsâ€Å"). Nonetheless, Mormon polygamist lifestyles are undergoing unprecedented scrutiny in light of recent media debuts, consequently permanently damaging its already impaired reputation. Although many television portrayals of polygamy such as HBO’s tele-series, Big Love, do not exploit criminal behaviors of neglect and the abuse of children, the current disbursement of hundreds of children from a Mormon based polygamist cult in Texas has begun to provide attentive outlook on illicit violations that have occurred. The situation began in April of this year after police received a frantic 911 call from a girl who claimed that she had been abused, forcefully married, and impregnated by an older man. Investigators, already watchfully suspicious after previous abuse allegations surfaced almost 4 years earlier, had finally acquired enough evidence to disembark upon the compound territory. The call caused a surge of law enforcement and child protective services to recover over 400 children and teenagers from the compound and over 150 adults. Despite America’s unfavorable views towards polygamy, the plural aspect of the polygamist society is not the trigger behind disapproving conjectures, yet the abuse of young women and children remain problematic to accept. Women and children are considered the most feeble members of society, and although polygamists claim that the procreation of children into a whole family as a society is a major basis of their religion, it will always remain a substance of abuse. For instance, in many religions such as Mormonism and the polygamist sect of the Fundamentalist Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS), marrying and impregnating girls as young as 12 is permitted regardless of the criminal facets. Andrew Gumble states that â€Å"the police and child protection services knew as soon as the El Dorado ranch was built in 2004 that the fundamentalists were polygamists, with a track record of marrying off girls as young as 14 or 15 to church elders who might be in their 70s or 80s† (6). Under the law, any girl wed under the age of 18 without parental consent to marry is illicit. Marriage is a contract which minors cannot enter without parental consent. Additionally, any adult 18 years or older that engages in a sexual act with anyone under the age of 18 is committing a rape. Ethically speaking, children are vastly inept during developmental stages of adolescence and childhood which inhibits their ability to conduct relationships in respect to marriage and child-rearing. Jodi Grizzle, of the Children’s Service Society of Utah, says most girls that age are already going through the oftentimes rocky and rough years of adolescence. â€Å"Teenagers don’t have the ability to think abstractly. Our brains don’t finish developing until we’re in our 20s. So you have a teenager with a significant life event, and they aren’t necessarily capable of comprehending all of the implications† (â€Å"Over 50 percent). In spite of a common misconception that many young females are willing contestants, hundreds of young girls are not consenting participants. Many of these ostensible leaders of the FLDS often engage in forced marriages and sexual acts with many young women whom are compulsorily admitted into polygamist compounds. In fact, Andrew Gumble also attests that â€Å"their ‘prophet’ and leader Warren Jeffs, now serving prison time for his role in arranging the forced marriage of a teenage girl in Utah, has a reputation as a hardliner and a man who inspired great fear even in his own followers† (6). Warren Jeffs, a former FLDS prophet, is currently awaiting trial for accessory to rape. Warren Jeffs, took over the FLDS empire consisting of over 12,000 members after the death of his father, Rulon Jeffs, in 2002. Warren Jeffs was accused of sexually abusing a nephew for over 10 years in addition to forcefully arranging the polygamous marriage of a 16 year old girl to an older man. Warren Jeffs was on the run for 2 years before he was caught in August of 2006. Not only are young women victims of abuse in these compounds, but children also exert signs of abuse under polygamous governance. Indirect abuse of children has also been corroborated under the recent compound investigations. Many of the children were not properly cared for, as the result of medical examinations confirmed broken bones and lack of vaccinations that are required of school aged children and babies. Although it has not been determined if the children’s broken bones were the result of direct abuse or circuitous negligence, high scrutiny and speculation has already characterized the parents of the children as abusive and incompetent. Despite FDLS religious values, the religious aspect cannot compensate rationale for forced marriages, rapes, and neglect of young women and children unwillingly involved in polygamist existence. Many polygamist agree that the prosecution of their actions are not based upon criminal measures but their religious beliefs. For instance, Rodney Holm, an ex-police officer convicted of bigamy, refutes his conviction on the grounds of violation of the 1st and 14th amendments as the conviction aims to attack those whom are attempting to implement a holy religious based lifestyle (Winslow â€Å"Polygamist appealsâ€Å"). Furthermore, Holm’s lawyer, Rod Parker contests that â€Å"The Utah court’s criminalization of polygamous relationships that do not seek recognition as legal marriages violates the Equal Protection Clause because it discriminates on the basis of religious affiliation† (Winslow â€Å"Polygamist appeals†). However, despite the negative outlook on polygamy for its illegitimacy and immorality to some, the religion is not under question in any way, it is the abuse and violation of laws that coincide with polygamy that is being addressed. Under the law, polygamy is illegal and has been illegal since 1879 which makes bigamy illegal as well. Polygamy is not a religion but a breach of the law. Holm was also charged with committing a sex act with a minor, his 16-year-old wife Ruth Stubbs. Sex with a minor is illegal under the law. Incorporating illegalities into a religion does not make it legal. For instance, if Tom Cruise would like to incorporate snorting cocaine into Scientology, it would still make snorting cocaine illegal because cocaine is illegal in the United States, despite his religious beliefs. Legal issues are being addressed, not religion. Consequentially, sex with minors is illicit and it’s a form of abuse, just as forced marriages and child neglect which are core facets. Although it is difficult to reform individuals from a way of life that is viewed to some as holy and religious, it is better to curb problematic behaviors including domestic violence and child abuse. Domestic violence hubs should be implemented in order to curtail the occurrence of violence within polygamist households. Seminars within polygamist communities should become mandatory. Traditionally, polygamist households could consist of one wife to upward amounts of 30 wives over a man’s lifespan. Each wife could have up to 11 to 15 children during the span of her ability to reproduce. Any mother, young or old, can understand the stress that comes along with raising children. A family of that magnitude could cause any woman to exert nontraditional parenting practices such as yelling or excessive hitting to discipline children. In the eyes of the law, excessive hitting or beating a child is considered child abuse, excluding moderate spankings. This situation was observed in the house of a woman named Heidi Mattingly, a 33-year-old mother of 11 and member of the Kingston Polygamist Clan in Utah. The judge found that Heidi hit her children in the face until they bled, hit babies, and verbally abuses her children, however, the court also founded that Heidi was also abused by her husband and prophet of the clan, John Daniel Kingston and other members of the society as well, which explained why she behaved accordingly towards her children. (Thompson). Heidi was provided with individual and group therapy in order to sustain a healthy disciplinary role for her children. Established organizations that work within polygamous compounds such as The Primer are advocated for domestic violence reforms. Many social workers agree that groups such as The Primer are very helpful because of their insight into polygamist groups. A social worker named Madsen said â€Å"It opened my mind to how many people live the lifestyle,† he said. â€Å"There’s like 50 groups. I had no idea. It told me some of the history that I didn’t know. For example, this group (the Kingstons) doesn’t dress in bonnets and long dresses† (Winslow). Although anti-polygamists discourage The Primer and organizations like it because of its encouragement of polygamy, it has definitely provided a safe haven of resources for victims of abuse. In conclusion, polygamy is not a current phenomena, as many tribes still practice polygamy in portions of Africa and South America. The United States is not a stranger to polygamy as well, as polygamy has existed as far back as 1929, even though the Book of Mormon was created in the late 1800s. Although Mormons believe in one god, they are vastly different than traditional Christians. For example, traditional Roman Catholicism heads each dioceses with a priest, deacon, and or bishop, whist Mormonism believe that prophets should be the head of a sect. A spin-off of traditional Mormonism is the Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints also called FLDS. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints should not be confused with FLDS because of different views towards polygamy. In fact, the current prophet of the Church of Latter Day Saints, Gordon B Hinckley, vows to excommunicate any individual involved with polygamy. Additionally, Hinckley says that the Mormon Fundamentalists are a complete contradiction to the Mormon church. This severance from the mainstream religions is not the first portion of negative propaganda that polygamist cults have received. In April of 2008, a frantic 911 call from a 16-year-old girl tipped police off to a polygamous compound in Texas, after years of being under observation. During the raid, over 400 children and 150 adults were taken into police and protective custodies. Signs of abuse, towards children and young women were all implicated in forced marriages, rapes, and neglect. Although there are many participants, many of the young women are forced to marry older men, which is illegal. In fact, marriage to a minor without parental consent is illicit in the eyes of the law. Additionally, if an adult engages in a sexual act with a someone under the age of 18, it is also illicit and considered rape. Many young women from polygamous lifestyles can attest to this behavior, just as the young woman who pressed charges against former FLDS leader, Warren Jeffs. Warren Jeffs headed a polygamist empire consisting of about 12,000 members after the death of his father, Rulon Jeffs in 2002. Warren Jeffs was also accused of molesting his nephew for over 10 years. Furthermore, many of the young women are also mothers at young ages of 12, the beginning of adolescence, which is additionally problematic for teens as well. Many mothers at polygamist compounds are additionally under added stress of being a role model to 11 to 15 children that are conceived throughout their lifetimes. Many women such as Heidi Mattingly resorted to nontraditional parenting methods such as over excessive spankings or brutal beatings, and verbal abuse. Heidi Mattingly, mother of 11 children was found guilty of abusing her children by hitting them in the face, hitting babies, and verbally abusing her children. In order to curtain her behavior, individual and group treatments were granted to Heidi to help her maintain a healthy disciplinary figure towards her children in addition to reversing abuse that she sustained under her husband and â€Å"Prophet†, John Daniel Kingston of the Kingston Polygamist Clan. Groups such as The Primer have become a special aid to social workers involved in polygamist groups for their understanding of the infrastructure in each group. Although anti-polygamist activists disagree with The Primer’s actions, deeming their participation as encouraging polygamy, their presence within the polygamist community draws much needed attention towards the realization of abuse within polygamist communities in tandem with providing resources for victims of abuse. BIBLIOGRAPHY Buncombe, Andrew. â€Å"Cult leader accused of making under aged girls marry adults. † The Independent (London) 1 Sept. 2006: Gumble, Andrew. â€Å"The ranch has not yet revealed all its secrets.. .† The Independent on Sunday 13 Apr. 2008: 6. † ‘Mormon’ Polygamy: Misconceptions. † 2007. . â€Å"Over 50 percent of teen girls on FLDS ranch are mothers. † Narr. Lori Prichard& Carole Mikita. KSL Television and Radio. NBC, Salt Lake City. 28 Apr. 2008. Thompson, Linda. Deseret Morning News â€Å"Polygamist mom guilty of child abuse. † Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Jan 13, 2005. FindArticles. com. 08 May. 2008 Winslow, Ben. Deseret Morning News â€Å"Polygamist appeals conviction to top U. S. court. † Deseret News (Salt Lake City). 17 Oct. 2006. Find Articles. com 08 May 2008 Winslow, Ben. Deseret Morning News â€Å"‘Primer’ details intricacies of polygamist life†. Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Jun 11, 2006. FindArticles. com. 08 May. 2008. .